Turkmen Art and Rug

In this article, we aim to explore the art and rugs of Turkmen. The Turkmen people, originally of Mongol-Turkic ancestry, have a rich history as nomadic tribes spanning thousands of years in the eastern Caspian region, covering parts of Soviet Turkmenistan and northern Iran. They traditionally lived in yurts called "Alachigh." The Turkmen are divided into five main tribes: Salur, Sarykh, Arsary, Yomut, and Teke, with the majority residing in Soviet Turkmenistan. In Iran, only the Yomut and Teke clans are settled.

One of the defining characteristics of Turkman rugs is the use of a single thin weft between rows of knots. This technique, differing from the double-weft method seen in other regions, results in a softer, more flexible rug that feels luxurious underfoot. Turkmen rugs are renowned for their distinct features, especially their warp and weft, which are made from sheep wool. Unlike most Persian rugs, which typically use cotton for the foundation, Turkoman rugs are crafted using sheep wool for the warp and weft. This all-wool composition gives the rugs a distinctive texture, making them durable and warm. Traditionally, Turkmen weavers, who often lead a nomadic lifestyle, use portable horizontal looms. These looms are easy to set up in tents or yurts, leading to the production of smaller-sized rugs, perfect for compact spaces.

Turkmen rugs primarily employ the Turkish knot, or symmetrical knot, and often feature a longer pile, which adds to their plush and cozy feel. The use of wool throughout the rug contributes to its warmth, making it an ideal choice for colder climates. The edges of these rugs are finished with a robust Persian-style selvage, and the rugs themselves are known for their coarser texture, typically featuring between 40 and 50 knots per square inch. In terms of design, Turkmen rugs are deceptively simple yet deeply symbolic.

Among the most renowned patterns in Turkmen carpets is the Mari Gul, a design closely tied to the Tekke tribe. The Tekke, prominent rug producers within Iran, are celebrated for this pattern, often referred to as the "Camel's Footprint," symbolizing the vital role of camels in their culture. The Gabseh Gul pattern is distinct to the Yomut tribe, particularly the Jafarbay clan. Turkmen carpets frequently showcase diamond-shaped motifs, with borders featuring symbols reminiscent of hawks and tree leaves. The Gabseh, a bird native to the Caspian Sea, holds a special place in Turkmen heritage. Another unique design, the Ayna Gul motif, is also associated with the Jafarbay clan of the Yomut tribe. This pattern is marked by a large central octagon, surrounded by simple yet elegant borders, reflecting the clan's artistic legacy. The Togrul Gul, known as the "Eagle Pattern," is another significant motif. It honors Toghrul of the Seljuk dynasty, who achieved victory over the Ghaznavid ruler in the 5th century AH. The eagle, symbolizing Toghrul's courage, is a dominant feature in this design.

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